Cell signaling is a process through which cells and cellular components communicate with each other and its environment. Cell signaling comprises of three main stages signal reception, signal transduction, and response to the signal. This book chapter discusses the cell signaling mechanisms which form an essential component of the systems biology.

This article explores the challenges of drug delivery in leptomeningeal disease (LMD), a severe cancer complication. Traditional treatments like intrathecal and systemic chemotherapy face issues with drug distribution and patient compliance. Emerging approaches, including nanocarrier-mediated delivery, liposomal formulations, and BCSFB modulation, show promise in improving efficacy and reducing side effects. These advancements aim to enhance patient outcomes and quality of life.

Effective treatments or interventions for Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) remain elusive. There is need to adopt alternate strategies like drug repurposing, to reduce the time and resources needed for therapeutic drug research. This review article explores the repurposed drugs that have shown some improvement in treating SMA, which include branaplam, riluzole, olesoxime, harmine, andprednisolone.

Drug repurposing attempts to utilize alternative therapeutic potential of existing therapeutic drugs. This strategy offers several advantages over traditional drug discovery, which includes reduced costs, reduced development timelines, and a lower risk of adverse effects. This article reviews current insights into the repurposing of antidiabetic drugs, including metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP- 1R agonists, TZD, and α glucosidase inhibitors, against various types of cancers.

Missing data in various kinds of time series data present a challenge during analysis of these data. This study presents the performance of different imputation algorithms on binned data when used on different types of time series data, specifically heart rate data and power consumption data. The study finds that the usefulness of binned data depends precisely on the span of missing data, sampling frequency of the data, and fluctuation within data.

Diabetic kidney disease is a grave complication leading to kidney damage and silencing of microRNA-21is a promising treatment avenue. It requires an understanding of miR-21's involvement in diabetic- induced kidney damage. Various methods for miR-21 silencing are under preliminary exploration. Current research offers hope for enhancing the quality of life for individuals affected by diabetic induced kidney disease.

Wearable technology has advanced significantly producing large amounts of time-series data. However, this data has issues of missing data which requires imputation. In this chapter, we have discussed various imputation methods, their applications, advantages and disadvantages. It emphasizes the importance of accurate imputation for effective analysis and decision making based on wearable generated data.

Gait disorders are a growing concern specially among aged people. Smart wearables like shoes, watches, eyeglasses, and garments can play a pivotal role in tracking gait and postural disorders. Soft wearables are also promising as their flexibility provides better body contact. We have discussed about uses of soft wearables in providing support during movement.

Neoantigen vaccine therapy is a promising immunotherapy and several clinical trials are going on currently. In this review, we have discussed the criteria, processes and challenges associated with the designing of neoantigen vaccines. We have focused on the outcomes of the clinical trials and observed in many cases, vaccines boosted the immune system against cancer cells. The use of proper adjuvants at the proper dose also affects the outcomes.

The presence of missing data is a well-known problem in handling time-series data. Discarding the missing time stamps is not an intelligent approach and hence imputation is needed. In this article, we have demonstrated that the use of data binned around the missing time interval provides a better imputation than the use of a whole dataset. We also explored different algorithms.

Glioblastoma is a fatal form of brain tumor with a poor survival period. In this review article, we have discussed different aspects of using the loss of the MTAP gene as a therapeutic target in treating glioblastoma. We observed there are contrasting findings of MTAP loss in reducing glioblastoma. We have also discussed different biological aspects of MTAP loss.

Smart wearable devices like smartwatches are being successfully used for monitoring different physiological conditions. In this review, we have discussed the roles of smart consumer wearables in diagnosing different disease conditions. We have discussed applications of machine learning with its outcomes. We have also included the associated challenges and future perspectives.

Various physiological parameters including heart rate, steps taken, body fat and diet can be measured by using wearable devices. Personal health assessment is becoming possible through the continuous monitoring of different physiological parameters. In this article, various computational methods used to identify outliers or anomalies in heart rates and other features have been reviewed. These outliers can identify patterns enabling the understanding of the underlying cause of disease states.

Due to the immunosuppressive nature of malignant gliomas, they are difficult to treat using immunotherapeutic approaches. Vaccine-based immunotherapy clinical trials have demonstrated encouraging results against malignant gliomas. In this article, recent clinical trials of neoantigen peptide vaccines on gliomas, the delivery routes, adjuvants, clinical challenges, and future strategies have been reviewed.